Entero Healthcare: Consolidating India's fragmented pharma distribution

Consolidating India's Fragmented Pharma Distribution - deep dive into Entero's M&A strategy and healthcare distribution network

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Entero Healthcare distributes pharmaceutical and healthcare products across India. The company was incorporated in January 2018 by Prabhat Agarwal, former CEO of Alkem Labs, and Prem Sethi, former Director at IQVIA. Their goal was simple: create an organized, technology-driven healthcare distribution platform in a market dominated by small, local players.

Since inception, Entero has become one of the three national healthcare product distributors in India. The other two are Keimed (owned by Apollo HealthCo) and API Holdings (PharmEasy). Together, these three hold 8-10% of the overall healthcare distribution market. The remaining 90-92% sits with approximately 65,000 traditional local distributors.

Market Share: National vs Local Distributors

Segment Large/National Players Traditional/Local Players
Distributors 8-10% 90-92%
Retailers 8-10% 90-92%

Entero operates 104 warehouses spread across 45 Indian cities. The network delivers to 492 districts in 20 states. It serves 86,200+ retail pharmacies and 3,200+ hospitals. The company distributes 76,600+ SKUs from more than 2,500 healthcare product manufacturers.

What Entero Does

The business model has two components: demand fulfilment and commercial solutions.

On the demand fulfilment side, Entero acts as a B2B distributor. It procures pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, OTC products, vaccines, medical devices, and consumables from manufacturers. It then distributes these products to retail pharmacies, hospitals, and clinics across India. The company also sells private-label products including nebulisers, digital thermometers, blood pressure monitors, and adult diapers.

The commercial solutions side involves marketing and promotional services for manufacturers. Entero deploys medical representatives to promote healthcare brands to doctors. It develops marketing strategies and channel management to increase product reach. The company has exclusive agreements with manufacturers for promotion, marketing, and distribution of specific brands.

Entero has a partnership with Roche, signed in 2020, for four nephrology drugs. It has another arrangement with a large MNC pharma company for a cardiac device product. These relationships involve promotion, marketing, and distribution. They carry higher margins than pure distribution work.

The Distribution Network

The network has expanded substantially since FY21.

Network Expansion Metrics

Metric FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 9MFY25
Districts Covered 420 463 495 540 492*
Warehouses 44 60 74 79 104
Warehouse Area (sq. ft.) 312,783 408,924 430,556 478,720 579,595
SKUs Handled 44,400 56,500 64,500 68,900 76,600
Manufacturer Relationships 1,100 1,700 1,900 2,000 2,500
Retail Customers 39,500 64,200 81,400 86,300 86,200
Hospital Customers 1,600 2,500 3,400 3,500 3,200

Revenue Productivity

Metric FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24 9MFY25
Revenue per sq. ft. (Rs) 56,900 61,676 76,650 81,933 86,422

Revenue per square foot of warehouse space has grown at 11% annually over the past four years. This indicates improving utilisation of the distribution infrastructure.

The geographic spread covers major metros and tier-2 cities. The network reaches Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Lucknow, Jaipur, Indore, Bhubaneswar, Guwahati, Patna, Varanasi, Kochi, Coimbatore, Madurai, Visakhapatnam, Goa, Mangaluru, Raipur, Gorakhpur, Dehradun, Amritsar, Panchkula, Karnal, Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Ujjain, Vadodara, Tirupathi, Vijayawada, Rajahmundry, Khammam, Karimnagar, Kalaburagi, Bijapur, Belagavi, Davanagere, Mysuru, Kozhikode, Kollam, and dozens of other cities.

Technology Infrastructure

Entero has built four proprietary technology platforms that run its operations.

Entero Direct is a cloud-based application for retail pharmacies. It handles order management, tracking, returns, and claims settlement. Pharmacies can see real-time inventory and order status. The platform includes loyalty programs to improve retailer retention. The sales force uses it to plan customer visits, check live inventory, and view ongoing promotions. The delivery fleet uses it to plan deliveries and update delivery status.

Key features include:

  • Easy one-touch ordering
  • Consolidated view of ledger and payments
  • Complete visibility of all pharma company schemes
  • Visibility of order and order status
  • Live inventory visibility for entire product catalogue
  • Ability to run banner ad campaigns for brands or companies
  • Loyalty points program

Entero CRM is the customer relationship management tool. Call centre executives can access customer details including past billings and outstanding payments during interactions. The application tracks all customer calling schedules and missed calls. It provides performance dashboards showing call summaries, task summaries, and order metrics.

Entero ERP is a cloud-based enterprise resource planning system implemented across multiple locations. Key benefits include:

  • Seamless integration of data across locations
  • Complete control over product and customer masters
  • Enhanced security features such as web application firewalls
  • Better centralised controls
  • Lower risk of data loss

Teqtic is a cloud-based data warehouse and business intelligence tool. It generates customised reports for sales, purchases, and inventory levels across distributors and warehouses. It provides identity-based access control to customers. Manufacturers can access secondary sales data, brand performance overviews, and customer insights at a micro-market level.

The platform shows percentage share of top SKUs for specific molecules, inventory levels by product, and shelf life analysis. This data helps manufacturers optimise their sales operations.

These platforms give Entero visibility across its operations and provide data services to manufacturers. A local distributor with 100-500 retailers and basic ERP tools cannot offer this.

The India Pharma Distribution Market

Market Size and Structure

Segment Size (FY25) Growth Rate
India Pharma Market (IPM) Rs 2,300 bn 9-10% Cagr
India Medical Devices Rs 1,000 bn 11-12% Cagr
Total Addressable Market Rs 3,300 bn 10-11% Cagr

Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Overview

Player in Value Chain Functions Number of Players Typical Margin Range
Pharmaceutical/Healthcare Products Manufacturer Manufacturing units supplying finished products; Marketer for pharma products Companies ~3,000; Manufacturing Units 10,500 40-60%
C&F Agents Storage facilities for dispatched goods; Sales record and tax details to government ~3,000-5,000 2-4%
Distributors Key supply point for a particular area; Distribution to retail and hospital pharmacies; Inventory and order management ~65,000 8-15%
Retailers/Hospitals/Physicians Last mile connectivity in the pharmaceutical supply chain; Face of supply chain with patients/customers ~900,000 Pharmacy 20-25%; Hospitals 35-40%

India has approximately 3,000 pharmaceutical companies manufacturing products in over 10,500 industrial units. These supply through 65,000 distributors to approximately 900,000 private retail chemists.

The market structure differs from developed countries.

Market Share Comparison: India vs Developed Markets

Country Top Players Market Share Key Players
US Top 3 90-95% AmerisourceBergen, Cardinal Health, McKesson
Germany Top 5 95-97% Alliance-GEHE, Phoenix, Noweda, Sanacorp, Pharma Privat
China Top 4 40-45% Sinopharm, Shanghai Pharmaceuticals, China Resources, Pharmaceutical and Jointown Pharmaceutical
India All 8-10% Entero, Keimed, Ascent, Phoenix, Noweda

Pre-2015, India’s large/national players held only 3-5% share. This improved to 8-10% currently and is expected to reach 20-30% by FY28. Around 25-30% of pharma distribution volume concentrates in tier-1 cities (Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Ahmedabad, Kolkata, Chennai, and Bangalore). Tier-2 cities and beyond remain relatively under penetrated by national distributors.

Why Consolidation Makes Sense

The shift toward national distributors benefits both manufacturers and retailers.

For manufacturers, working with fewer large distributors reduces operational complexity. A pharmaceutical company currently maintains relationships with thousands of distributors across the value chain. Consolidating to a handful of national partners simplifies procurement, billing, claims settlement, and communication. Logistics costs run 4-6% of revenue for the industry. Streamlined procurement and distribution through large players can reduce these costs.

Large distributors can also offer marketing services. They have relationships with healthcare professionals and field representatives. They have reach into regional markets and connections with retail pharmacies and hospitals. Pharmaceutical companies spend 4-5% of revenue on marketing and promotion. This implies Rs80-90 billion of annual marketing expenditure in the Indian pharmaceutical sector. National distributors can capture a portion of this spending by offering promotional services.

For retail pharmacies, large distributors offer higher fill rates and better service.

Operational Advantages: Large vs Local Distributors

Parameter Large/National Distributor Traditional Local Distributor
Number of retailers reached 60,000-70,000 100-500
Number of pharma companies catered 200-300 30-50
Number of SKUs 40,000-50,000 3,000-5,000
Inventory Days ~30 Days ~35-40 Days
Fill rate 90-95% 60-80%
Cold chain facility Yes, Sophisticated cold chain facility Limited cold chain facility
Technology use Advanced ERP, CRM and analytics tools Basic ERP tools

Typical Cost Structure of Pharma Distribution

Cost Component % of Sales
Traded goods purchased 90%
Employee costs 3%
Other operating costs 2%
Finance and interest costs 2%
Net profit margin 3%

The primary cost for pharma distributors remains procurement of traded goods at approximately 90% of total sales. With such thin margins, scale improves profitability because larger distributors have better bargaining power with suppliers and spread fixed costs over higher volumes.

Data as a Competitive Advantage

Micro-market and regional sales data matter to pharmaceutical companies. This information reveals market demand, customer preferences, demand-supply dynamics, and product performance. Companies use it to identify target areas and tailor strategies.

Distributors that compile secondary data on these aspects become valuable information sources. They track micro-market trends, brand performance, and sales data at the company level. Large distributors with sophisticated technology platforms can provide this data systematically. Local distributors with basic ERP tools cannot.

Entero’s Teqtic platform provides this capability. It generates reports showing sales and shelf life of available inventory for specific molecule strengths. It shows percentage share of top SKUs, inventory levels, and product performance across markets.

Supply Chain Simplification

Traditional pharma supply chains with many small distributors create complexity. A manufacturer selling through 500 distributors manages 500 relationships, 500 invoicing processes, 500 claims settlements, and 500 data collection efforts. Each transaction adds friction. The diagram of traditional distribution shows multiple criss-crossing lines between manufacturers and retail pharmacies, with numerous small distributors in between.

Large national distributors simplify this structure. A manufacturer working with three national players manages three relationships instead of 500. The flow becomes streamlined: manufacturers connect to a single large/national distributor, which then connects to multiple retail pharmacies. Procurement, billing, and data collection become efficient.

This simplification drives manufacturer preference for large distributors. It also creates barriers for local players trying to regain lost relationships.

Keimed: The Market Leader

Keimed is India’s largest pharma distributor with more than twice the revenue of the nearest competitor. It was previously owned by the promoters of Apollo Pharmacy and is now part of Apollo HealthCo. Keimed serves 70,000+ high-performing pharmacies across 18 states. It operates 96 distribution centres with cold chain infrastructure. It has 300+ manufacturer relationships and offers 45,000+ SKUs. Warehouse space totals 600,000 sq. ft. Revenue reached Rs103 billion in FY24, having grown at 20% annually over FY21-24. Reported Ebitda margins were 3.4% in FY24.

Keimed is the preferred distributor for Apollo Healthcare Enterprises Limited (AHEL). Shobana Kamineni, a promoter of Keimed, is the Executive Vice Chairperson of AHEL. AHEL and related entities contributed 54% of Keimed’s revenue in FY24, up from 49% in FY23. This relationship affects margins. Keimed provides preferential pricing to Apollo, which reduces margins by 1-1.5%. Adjusting for this, Keimed’s Ebitda margins would be 4.5-5.0%.

Entero vs Keimed Comparison

Metric Entero (9MFY25) Keimed (FY24)
Retail pharmacies served 86,200+ 70,000+
States covered 20 18
Distribution centres/Warehouses 104 96
Manufacturer relationships 2,500+ 300+
SKUs offered 76,600+ 45,000+
Warehouse space (sq. ft.) 579,595 600,000

The warehouse capacity is similar. The SKU count is higher for Entero. The manufacturer relationships are far more extensive for Entero.

Entero’s Acquisition Strategy

Entero has acquired 45 entities since inception.

The selection criteria include:

  • Expertise in the domain in which Entero operates or wishes to expand
  • Strategic fit with existing business such that businesses are synergistic
  • New retail chemist customers/users that Entero can serve with existing capabilities
  • Product portfolio or product category adjacencies that can increase wallet share
  • Newer service offerings that improve margin profile
  • Enhancement of geographical mix
  • Strengthening of market share in existing markets
  • Identification of a strong management team run by experienced promoters

Acquisitions happen at 0.3-0.35x revenue multiples. This pricing reflects the thin margins in distribution. Sellers are typically local distributors facing competitive pressure from national players and lacking capital for technology investments.

Of the 32 companies acquired between CY18 and CY22, approximately 30 grew revenue at 20-25% annually over the subsequent two to three years. The acquired entities typically have blended Ebitda margins of 6-8%, higher than Entero’s consolidated margins. Integrating these businesses improves the overall margin profile.

Entero’s established acquisition process is data-driven and well-tested. It can be replicated in existing markets and new geographies. This repeatable model allows continuous expansion through acquisitions.

Organic Growth Performance

Entero’s organic growth has consistently outperformed the India Pharma Market growth rate.

Quarterly Growth Performance

Quarter Organic Growth (YoY) Consolidated Growth (YoY) Organic Growth Outperformance vs IPM
1QFY22 - - 1.33x
2QFY22 24% 32% 1.50x
3QFY22 21% 26% 1.91x
4QFY22 27% 41% 2.70x
1QFY23 2% 19% -1.00x
2QFY23 15% 38% 1.67x
3QFY23 15% 35% 1.50x
4QFY23 31% 35% 1.94x
1QFY24 14% 19% 1.56x
2QFY24 18% 19% 2.57x
3QFY24 17% 20% 1.89x
4QFY24 12% 21% 2.00x
1QFY25 16% 22% 1.78x
2QFY25 15% 31% 1.88x
3QFY25 17% 37% 2.43x

Over the past 14 quarters, organic revenue grew at approximately 17% annually while IPM grew at 8-10%. The outperformance multiple averaged 1.75x IPM growth. Total revenue growth has averaged 28% over the past 14 quarters. Organic growth contributed approximately 17%, with acquisitions adding 10-11%.

This outperformance comes from gaining wallet share with existing customers and adding new customers. Large distributors with higher fill rates, better technology, and broader product ranges take share from local players.

Market Share Trajectory

Entero’s Market Share in Healthcare Distribution

Year Healthcare Distribution TAM (Rs bn) Entero’s Market Share (%)
FY21 2,188 0.8%
FY22 2,658 0.9%
FY23 2,803 1.2%
FY24 3,055 1.3%

Entero’s market share in the healthcare distribution market has grown from 0.8% in FY21 to 1.3% in FY24. The share gain reflects both organic outperformance and acquisitions. The combined market share of the three national distributors improved from 3-5% in 2015 to 8-10% currently. Industry participants expect this to reach 20-30% by FY28. This implies the national players will grow at 25-30% annually, taking share from local distributors.

The Margin Profile

Ebitda Margin Progression

Year Ebitda (Rs m) Ebitda Margin (%)
FY20 266 1.7%
FY21 214 1.2%
FY22 274 1.0%
FY23 640 1.9%
FY24 1,118 2.9%

Entero’s Ebitda margins improved from 1.7% in FY20 to 2.9% in FY24, driven by gross margin improvement from 8.2% to approximately 9% and operating leverage benefits. Management has highlighted that unit-level Ebitda margins (before corporate costs) improved from 3.5% in FY21 to 4.0% in FY24. Corporate costs as a percentage of sales declined from 2.2% to 1.1% over this period.

Cost Structure Breakdown

Cost Component FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24
COGS 91.8% 92.4% 91.9% 92.1% 91.8%
Employee costs 4.2% 4.3% 4.6% 3.9% 3.9%
Other expenses 2.3% 2.5% 2.8% 2.3% 2.3%
Ebitda margins 1.7% 1.2% 1.0% 1.9% 2.9%

Given Keimed’s adjusted Ebitda margins of 4.5-5.0%, there is scope for margin improvement. Management targets 5% Ebitda margins by 4QFY26.

Three factors drive gross margin improvement:

First, procurement efficiencies. Larger purchase volumes allow better pricing from manufacturers. Entero’s scale of 2,500+ manufacturer relationships and 76,600+ SKUs provides negotiating power that local distributors lack.

Second, product mix. Medical devices, diagnostic equipment, and consumables carry higher margins than pharmaceuticals. Private-label products also contribute higher margins. Expanding these categories improves the overall gross margin.

Third, commercial services. Marketing and promotional agreements with manufacturers generate fee income. The Roche partnership for nephrology drugs and the MNC partnership for cardiac products are examples. These arrangements carry higher margins than pure distribution.

Working Capital Intensity

Pharma distribution is working capital intensive. Distributors carry inventory, extend credit to customers, and receive credit from suppliers. The net working capital cycle determines how much capital the business consumes as it grows.

Working Capital Cycle (Days of Sales)

Metric FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24
Receivable days 63 50 54 57 57
Inventory days 53 50 45 38 39
Other current assets 15 13 9 7 8
Payable days 29 20 20 23 21
Provisions 3 4 1 1 0
Net WCap days 98 89 87 78 82
DSO+DIO-DPO 86 80 79 71 75

Working Capital Cycle Adjusted for GST (Days of Sales)

Metric FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24
Receivable days 56 44 48 51 51
Inventory days 47 45 40 34 35
Other current assets 13 12 8 6 7
Payable days 26 18 18 21 19
Provisions 4 4 1 1 0
Net WCap days 86 79 77 69 73
DSO+DIO-DPO 77 71 70 64 67

Entero’s net working capital cycle has improved from 98 days of sales in FY20 to 82 days in FY24. Receivable days declined from 63 to 57. Inventory days declined from 53 to 39. Payable days declined from 29 to 21. Adjusting for GST (since receivables and payables include tax), the cycle improved from 86 days in FY20 to 73 days in FY24. Management targets 60 days by FY27.

The high working capital requirement combined with thin margins has meant negative operating cash flow since inception. Cumulative operating cash outflow over FY20-24 was Rs2.2 billion.

Cash Flow Metrics

Metric FY20 FY21 FY22 FY23 FY24
OCF (Rs m) (415) (683) (393) (453) (366)
OCF/Ebitda (%) -156% -319% -144% -71% -33%
FCF (Rs m) (2,396) (793) (1,921) (754) (831)
Capex (Rs m) 450 95 99 55 47
Acquisition spend (Rs m) 1,581 11 1,469 246 418

OCF/Ebitda improved from -156% in FY20 to -33% in FY24 as margins expanded. Given negative OCF and the ‘buy & build’ strategy, cumulative FCF over FY20-24 was negative Rs6.7 billion. Excluding acquisition spends, cumulative FCF was negative Rs3 billion.

Management Team

Leadership Structure

Name Designation Background
Prabhat Agarwal Managing Director, CEO & Co-Founder Former CEO of Alkem Labs
Prem Sethi Whole Time Director, COO & Co-Founder Former Director, Offering Development and Product Management with IQVIA
Balakrishnan Kaushik Chief Financial Officer -
Sanu Kapoor VP - Legal and General Counsel, CS & Compliance Officer -
Sambit Mohanty President - Institutional Business -
Abhitesh Kumar VP - Head Retail Pharma -

Prabhat Agarwal’s previous role as CEO of Alkem Labs provided experience with manufacturer operations and distribution networks. Prem Sethi’s background at IQVIA in healthcare data and analytics informed the technology-focused approach.

OrbiMed Asia, a global healthcare investment firm, holds a 38% stake. OrbiMed’s investment provided capital for the acquisition strategy and brought healthcare sector expertise.

Growth Triggers

Several factors support continued growth for national distributors.

The underlying IPM grows at 9-10% annually. Medical devices grow at 11-12%. This provides a 10-11% baseline growth rate for the distribution market.

Consolidation provides additional growth. As national players take share from local distributors, they grow faster than the market. The share shift from 8-10% to 20-30% over the next few years implies substantial above-market growth.

New product categories offer expansion opportunities. Medical devices, diagnostic equipment, consumables, and nutraceuticals carry higher margins than pharmaceuticals. Expanding into these categories improves both growth and margins.

Commercial services add revenue streams. Marketing, promotion, and data services for manufacturers generate fee income beyond distribution margins.

Geographic expansion remains available. Tier-2 and tier-3 cities remain underpenetrated by national distributors. Expanding into these markets adds new customers.

Acquisition opportunities continue. The fragmented market with 65,000 distributors provides targets. Local players facing competitive pressure and lacking capital for technology investment become acquisition candidates.

Risk Factors

Future acquisitions not yielding desired results: Entero acquires smaller distributors in strategic locations throughout India as a part of its growth strategy. Historically, acquisitions have delivered desired results. However, acquisitions may not yield desired results and meet targets. This could impact profitability and lead to lower-than-expected improvement in margins, which in turn will impact free cash flow generation.

Negative FCF not sustainable for long period: Cash flow generation has been negative since inception due to high working capital intensive nature of the business, thin margins, and the ‘buy & build’ strategy. The company might have to raise further debt/equity capital.

Competition from other national players: Keimed and PharmEasy compete for the same customers and acquisition targets. Intensified competition could reduce margins or increase acquisition prices.

Margin compression: Pharma manufacturers may pressure distributor margins. Retail pharmacies may demand better pricing. Competitive dynamics could prevent margin expansion.

Technology disruption: New distribution models could emerge. Direct-to-pharmacy platforms from manufacturers or e-pharmacy players could alter the competitive landscape.

Regulatory changes: Changes in pharmaceutical distribution regulations, pricing controls, or trade margins could affect the business model.

Dependence on key customers: Concentration of revenue with specific manufacturers or retail chains creates dependence. Loss of major relationships would affect growth.

The Industry Maturation Path

The pharma distribution industry in India appears to be following the consolidation path seen in other countries. In the US, the market consolidated from hundreds of distributors to three dominant players over several decades. AmerisourceBergen, Cardinal Health, and McKesson now control 90-95% of the market.

In Germany, five players control 95-97%. In China, consolidation brought the top four to 40-45% share, up from 30-35% before 2015.

India’s consolidation started later and remains in early stages. The top players moved from 3-5% share in 2015 to 8-10% currently. The trajectory toward 20-30% by FY28 would represent meaningful progress but would still leave India far less consolidated than developed markets.

The consolidation thesis rests on structural advantages of scale. Large distributors offer better service, lower costs, and technology capabilities that local players cannot match. This drives manufacturer and retailer preference for national players. The preference accelerates share gains, which reinforce the scale advantages.

Market Position Summary

Entero operates in a large market undergoing structural change. The Rs3.3 trillion healthcare distribution market grows at 10-11% annually. Consolidation is shifting share from 65,000 local distributors to three national players. Entero ranks among the top three national distributors. Its network of 104 warehouses, 86,200+ retail customers, 2,500+ manufacturer relationships, and 76,600+ SKUs provides national reach. Proprietary technology platforms enable operational efficiency and data services.

The acquisition strategy has proven effective. Forty-five entities acquired since inception, with approximately 30 showing 20-25% revenue growth post-acquisition. The process is repeatable and can drive continued expansion.

Organic growth consistently outperforms the market at 1.5-2x IPM growth. Share gains come from superior service levels, higher fill rates, and technology capabilities that local distributors cannot match. The margin profile has room to improve. Gross margins can expand through procurement efficiencies and product mix. Operating leverage can drive Ebitda margin expansion. The benchmark of Keimed’s 4.5-5% adjusted Ebitda margins suggests the potential.

The risks center on acquisition execution, working capital management, and competitive dynamics. The growth strategy consumes capital and depends on successful integration of acquired businesses. The consolidation thesis provides a structural tailwind. As long as national distributors maintain service advantages over local players, share gains should continue. The market appears early in a multi-year consolidation cycle that has played out in other countries.

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